{"id":8341,"date":"2025-04-20T19:42:43","date_gmt":"2025-04-20T16:12:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mohebmehr.com\/?page_id=8341"},"modified":"2025-05-11T21:41:54","modified_gmt":"2025-05-11T18:11:54","slug":"list-of-surgeries","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mohebmehr.com\/en\/list-of-surgeries\/","title":{"rendered":"list of surgeries"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlist of surgeries:\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAngiography<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAngioplasty<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCoronary Artery Bypass Surgery<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbdominal aortic aneurysm<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbdominoplasty<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCholecystectomy<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcolorectal surgery<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGastric Sleeve Surgery<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHip replacement<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKnee replacement surgery<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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An angiography is a diagnostic procedure that uses X-ray images to look for
blockages or narrow spots in your blood vessels (arteries or veins). An
angiography test can show how blood circulates in blood vessels at specific
locations in your body. Your physician uses an angiography of your heart, neck,
kidneys, legs or other areas to locate the source of an artery or vein issue.
He may want to do an angiography procedure when you have signs of blocked,
damaged or abnormal blood vessels. An angiogram test helps your physician to
determine the source of the problem and the extent of damage to your blood
vessels.
With an angiography procedure, your physician can diagnose and plan treatment
for conditions like:<\/p>

  • Coronary artery disease<\/li>
  • Peripheral artery disease<\/li>
  • Blood clots<\/li>
  • Aneurysm<\/li><\/ul>

    An angiography procedure involves injecting contrast material (dye) that your
    physician can see with an X-ray machine. Images on a screen show blood flow and
    blockages in your blood vessels. Your physician will give you medicine to make
    sure you\u2019re relaxed and comfortable. Most people receive sedation. Others get
    general anesthesia, which makes them sleep. Either way, someone will need to
    drive you home afterward.<\/p>

    The day of your angiography<\/p>

    • Do not have breakfast on the day of your procedure.<\/li>
    • Leave your jewelry and other valuables at home.<\/li>
    • Make sure you arrange for a responsible adult to drive you home.<\/li>
    • \u00a0Bring a current list of your medications and allergies.<\/li>
    • Let the nurse know if you have diabetes.<\/li><\/ul>

      \u00a0<\/p>

      \"\"<\/p>

      \u00a0<\/p>

      During an angiography procedure, your physician will:<\/p>

      • Numb the area where the catheter will go.<\/li>
      • Access your blood vessel with a needle.<\/li>
      • Thread a wire through the needle.<\/li>
      • Slide a long, slender tube called a catheter over the needle and into a large<\/li><\/ul>

        artery (usually in your groin or wrist area).<\/p>

        • Slowly and carefully thread the catheter through your artery until the<\/li><\/ul>

          catheter\u2019s tip reaches the part of the blood vessel they want to examine.<\/p>

          • Inject a small amount of contrast material (dye) through the catheter and into<\/li><\/ul>

            your blood vessel segment. For a few seconds, this can make you feel<\/p>

            • Take X-rays.<\/li>
            • Watch where the contrast agent goes on the X-ray monitor to see where and<\/li><\/ul>

              how well blood is moving in your blood vessels.<\/p>

              How long does an angiography take?
              An angiography can take as little as 15 minutes. But some can take a few hours. It
              depends on what procedures your physician does after they find the issue.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              Angiography is a diagnostic method for vascular artery blockages and is not
              known as a treatment method. However, with the passage of time and the
              advancement of angiography tools, doctors decided to treat some blockages with
              this method in addition to diagnosis, thus the angioplasty method was created.
              Angioplasty is a non-surgical method that does not require any special incisions
              and is minimally invasive. Angioplasty can perform narrowing and blockages of
              vascular arteries as well as repair them, especially in the heart vessels. If the
              blockages of the vessels are severe, in some cases the doctor decides to perform
              open heart surgery instead of angioplasty or stenting.
              This operation, which lasts about 1 hour (angioplasty varies between 0 minutes
              and 2 hours but is generally completed within 1 hour). It does not require full
              anesthesia and is generally performed with local anesthesia or light anesthesia in
              a way that the patient is awake during the operation.
              There are some steps that must be taken before the operation, including injecting
              some fluids such as sedatives and blood thinners (to reduce blood clotting) such
              as anticoagulants into the body with an intravenous catheter, and then the
              operation begins.
              In angioplasty, the doctor temporarily places a balloon, which is like a small
              balloon, in the place where the artery is blocked for a few seconds and inflates it
              until the vessel is completely open. After this operation, the vessel opens and
              returns to its normal course, but often a spring called a stent is used to prevent
              re-blockage.
              Of course, placing a spring in a vessel is not such an easy task. In some patients,
              after the spring is placed in the vessel, the blood clots so severely that the doctor
              has to take the patient back to the angiography room and perform angioplasty.
              This sometimes leads to the death of the patient. Adding fluids that thin the blood
              is done for this reason.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              What is open-heart surgery?
              Open-heart surgery helps repair heart defects or damage. In this procedure, the
              surgeon removes the breastbone and opens the chest to gain easier access to the
              heart.
              The most common type of open-heart surgery is coronary artery bypass surgery.
              Coronary arteries are responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart. If
              these arteries become blocked or narrowed, you are at risk for a heart attack. To
              prevent this problem, open-heart surgery is performed with a blood vessel graft,
              which means that the surgeon takes a healthy blood vessel from another part of the
              body and transplants it into the blocked coronary artery. This allows the grafted
              vessel to bypass the blocked artery and bring new blood to the heart.
              Mitral valve or aortic valve open-heart surgery are also common surgeries that
              doctors may recommend. The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and
              the left ventricle of the heart and prevents blood from flowing back into the atrium.
              The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta and prevents
              blood from flowing back into the heart after it has been pumped.
              In addition, you may need to have open-heart surgery if you have any of the
              following conditions:
              \uf0b7 Arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation
              \uf0b7 Congenital heart defects, such as atrial septal defect (a hole in the heart) or
              hypoplastic left heart syndrome
              \uf0b7 Heart failure
              \uf0b7 Thoracic aortic aneurysm
              Open-heart surgery steps; how is the surgery performed?
              The length of heart surgery depends on the type of surgery and your individual
              needs. For example, coronary artery bypass grafting takes three to six hours. Open-
              heart surgery is performed under general anesthesia from start to finish, so you are
              asleep during the surgery and do not feel any pain.<\/p>

              After the anesthesia, the surgeon makes a 6- to 8-inch (about 15 to 20 cm) incision
              in the middle of your chest and cuts through all or part of your breastbone to gain
              access to your heart.
              Your medical team may use a cardiopulmonary bypass machine during the
              surgery. In this case, your heart stops and the machine takes over the pumping of
              your blood. In other words, it circulates your blood throughout your body,
              delivering oxygen to it and removing carbon dioxide.
              Sometimes, your doctor will perform the surgery without a cardiopulmonary
              bypass machine. In this procedure, your heart continues to beat, and a member of
              the surgical team uses a device to keep it steady during the procedure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbdominal aortic aneurysm<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
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              Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery
              The aorta is one of the largest and most important arteries in the human body,
              which is responsible for supplying blood to various parts of the body. The aorta
              consists of several parts, the lower part of which is also called the abdominal aorta.
              Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a condition in which the abdominal aorta bulges and
              is at risk of rupture. The aortic artery may also develop an aneurysm for several
              reasons and require treatment. In this article, we will introduce abdominal aortic
              aneurysm surgery methods and the importance of performing it.<\/p>

              When does an abdominal aortic aneurysm require treatment?
              In most cases, an abdominal aortic aneurysm is diagnosed by chance. In fact, a
              specialist may learn about the damage to the abdominal aortic aneurysm during an
              examination and imaging to diagnose other diseases. Damage to the aortic
              aneurysm usually does not have specific symptoms, which is why a person often
              does not know about the existence of this disease. However, some patients may
              experience symptoms due to damage to the aortic aneurysm, some of which are:
              1. The person is constantly accompanied by abdominal pain.
              2. The patient may feel that the abdomen is pulsating like the heart.
              3. The patient constantly feels pain in the lower back.
              These symptoms are observed when the person only has an abdominal aortic
              aneurysm. In some cases, the aortic aneurysm may be accompanied by rupture,
              which causes symptoms such as shortness of breath, high heart rate, dizziness,
              abdominal pain, back pain, sweating, lethargy and unconsciousness. In such
              situations, a cardiologist should be consulted as soon as possible for treatment.<\/p>

              How is abdominal aortic aneurysm treated?
              The specialist doctor examines the condition of the abdominal aortic aneurysm
              after physically examining the patient and performing tests such as echo,
              electrocardiogram, exercise test, imaging, etc. After examining the condition of the
              artery; Various methods are used to treat abdominal aortic aneurysm damage, the
              most important of which are:<\/p>

              \uf0b7 Endovascular aneurysm repair or (EVAR): Endovascular aneurysm repair is
              a type of closed surgery that usually does not require an incision in the
              abdomen. In fact, after anesthetizing the patient, the surgeon makes a very
              small incision in the groin to perform this surgery. Through the incision
              made in the groin, the catheter is guided to the aortic aneurysm with the help
              of the arteries. At this stage, a relatively small and narrow tube called a stent
              is advanced to the aneurysm through the catheter, and the aortic artery is
              treated at this point.
              \uf0b7 Open abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery: In addition to closed surgery, the
              condition of the aortic aneurysm in the patient may be such that the
              specialist doctor may recommend open surgery to treat the aneurysm. Unlike
              EVAR surgery, during this surgery, a relatively large incision is first made
              in the abdomen to access the aneurysm. After finding an aortic aneurysm, a
              type of artificial tube called a clamp is placed close to the protruding part of
              the aorta and the aneurysm problem is completely resolved.<\/p>

              What is the importance of treating an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
              Some people may wonder why we should take action to eliminate an abdominal
              aortic aneurysm? Unfortunately, those who suffer from an aortic aneurysm in the
              abdomen may be exposed to several risks such as aneurysm rupture or disruption
              of the blood flow system.
              In some cases, the rupture of an aortic aneurysm may be so severe that it causes
              bleeding. For this reason, it is better to see a cardiologist as soon as possible to
              prevent the growth of an aortic aneurysm, improve the blood flow system, reduce
              the symptoms of the disease, and prevent the aneurysm from rupturing.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              Tummy Tuck Surgery
              A tummy tuck, tummy tuck, or abdominoplasty is a surgical procedure that aims to
              improve the shape and elasticity of the abdominal area. This surgical procedure
              involves removing excess and sagging fat and skin to improve the shape of the
              underlying tissues that support the skin and fat. Tummy tuck surgery can be
              performed for cosmetic or reconstructive reasons.
              The goal of a tummy tuck is to remove excess skin and fat from the mid and lower
              abdomen, as well as to repair muscles that have been separated. It can also help
              reduce the protrusion of the abdomen due to excess skin and fat and loose
              abdominal muscles.
              Although abdominoplasty is considered a cosmetic procedure, it can also have
              reconstructive aspects in some cases. Including:
              \uf0b7 Correction of abdominal deformities caused by pregnancy, obesity and
              overweight, severe weight loss, trauma, tumors or other diseases
              \uf0b7 Correction or relief of structural defects in the abdominal area
              \uf0b7 Improvement of abdominal muscle function
              \uf0b7 Restoration of a normal appearance in the abdominal area
              \uf0b7 Repair of an abdominal hernia that has occurred following previous surgery.<\/p>

              Abdominoplasty
              Abdominoplasty is a cosmetic procedure that is very serious and requires rest and
              hospitalization for at least one day. This surgery is best performed in equipped
              medical centers and hospitals.
              It should be noted that the percentage of embolism in this surgery will be higher
              than any other surgery and in general, it will be greatly reduced with the necessary
              care, but it will never reach zero. Abdominoplasty is most often performed in
              conjunction with liposuction of the flanks and stomach area. It will also be
              necessary to wear a girdle for three months after surgery.
              Abdominoplasty surgery will not be suitable for people whose BMI is high and all
              their body parts are facing obesity, because this surgery can remove belly and side
              fat, and it will not be suitable for people whose arms, thighs and other body parts<\/p>

              are obese. In such a case, it is better for the patient to first treat and eliminate their
              obesity, and then proceed to perform surgery.<\/p>

              Can abdominoplasty surgery be associated with complications and risks?
              The surgeries performed today are designed to provide the highest level of safety.
              However, there is a possibility of complications. It is worth noting that in any
              general anesthesia, there is a risk of risk and pulmonary embolism in any
              abdominoplasty, but the probability is negligible if scientific issues are observed
              and the facilities of a well-equipped hospital are used. Such as:
              \uf0b7 Wound infection
              \uf0b7 Pain and discomfort in the stitches
              \uf0b7 Hematoma (blood accumulation in the areas around the surgery)
              \uf0b7 Prominence and clarity of scars
              \uf0b7 Numbness around the surgical area
              \uf0b7 Blood clots
              \uf0b7 Nausea<\/p>

              Abdominoplasty procedure
              To perform abdominoplasty, a horizontal incision is made between the pubic
              hairline and the navel. The shape and length of the incision depend on the amount
              of tissue and fat that needs to be removed. In the next step, the skin is removed and
              the underlying abdominal muscles are accessed and repaired.
              Another incision is made in the areas around the navel to remove any excess tissue
              and fat in the upper abdomen. After the changes are made and the skin and fat are
              removed, the remaining skin is sutured and a new hole for the navel is created.<\/p>

              What care is needed after abdominoplasty?
              \uf0b7 After surgery, a dressing will be placed on the abdomen to protect the
              stitches. In addition, the elastic bandage will reduce swelling and
              inflammation in the abdomen.<\/p>

              \uf0b7 A tube may be temporarily placed under the skin to collect blood and excess
              fluid.
              \uf0b7 A special garment that is provided to the patient must be worn for six weeks
              to prevent fluid accumulation and protect the abdomen.
              \uf0b7 For several weeks after surgery, strenuous physical activities that put
              pressure on the abdomen and stitches should be avoided.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              What is a cholecystectomy?
              A cholecystectomy is surgery to remove your gallbladder. The gallbladder is a
              small organ located under your liver. It is located on the upper right side of your
              abdomen or stomach. The gallbladder stores a digestive juice called bile that is
              made in the liver.
              There are 2 types of gallbladder removal surgery:
              \uf0b7 Open (traditional) procedure. In this procedure, 1 incision (cut) about 4 to
              6 inches long is made in the upper right side of your abdomen. The surgeon
              finds the gallbladder and removes it through the incision.
              \uf0b7 Laparoscopic procedure. This procedure uses 3 to 4 very small incisions. It
              uses a long, thin tube called a laparoscope. This tube has a small video
              camera and surgical tools. The tube, camera, and tools are inserted through
              the incisions. The surgeon performs the surgery while watching a TV
              monitor. The gallbladder is removed through 1 incision.
              Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is less invasive. It uses very small incisions in your
              abdomen. There is less bleeding. Recovery time is usually shorter than open
              surgery.
              In some cases, the laparoscope may show that your gallbladder is very diseased. Or
              it may show other problems. Then the surgeon may have to use an open surgical
              procedure to safely remove the gallbladder.<\/p>

              What are the risks of a cholecystectomy?
              Some possible complications of a cholecystectomy may include:
              \uf0b7 Bleeding
              \uf0b7 Infection
              \uf0b7 Damage to the tube (bile duct) that carries bile from the gallbladder to the
              small intestine.
              \uf0b7 Liver damage
              \uf0b7 Scarring and numbness at the incision site
              \uf0b7 Protrusion of an organ or tissue (hernia) at the incision site<\/p>

              During a laparoscopic procedure, surgical instruments are placed in your abdomen.
              This may damage your intestines or blood vessels.
              You may have other risks that are specific to you. Be sure to discuss any concerns
              with your healthcare provider before the procedure.<\/p>

              What happens during a cholecystectomy?
              You may have a cholecystectomy as an outpatient or as part of your hospital stay.
              The way the surgery is performed may vary depending on your condition and the
              performance of your healthcare provider.
              A cholecystectomy is usually performed while you are given medication to put you
              in a deep sleep.
              In general, a cholecystectomy follows this process:
              \uf0b7 You will be asked to remove any jewelry or objects that may interfere with
              the surgery.
              \uf0b7 You will be asked to undress and given a gown to wear.
              \uf0b7 An intravenous (IV) line will be placed in your arm or hand.
              \uf0b7 You will lie on your back on the operating table. Anesthesia will be initiated.
              \uf0b7 A tube will be placed in your throat to help you breathe. The
              anesthesiologist will monitor your heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and
              blood oxygen levels during surgery.
              \uf0b7 If there is a lot of hair at the surgical site, it may be clipped.
              \uf0b7 The skin over the surgical site will be cleaned with a sterile solution
              (antiseptic).<\/p>

              Open cholecystectomy
              An incision will be made. This incision may be angled under your ribs on the right
              side of your abdomen. Or it may be made in the upper part of your abdomen.
              Your gallbladder will be removed.
              In some cases, 1 or more drains may be placed in the incision. This allows fluid or
              pus to drain.<\/p>

              Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
              About 3 or 4 small incisions will be made in your abdomen. Carbon dioxide gas is
              injected into your abdomen to inflate it. This allows the gallbladder and nearby
              organs to be seen more easily.
              A laparoscope is inserted into one incision. Surgical instruments are inserted
              through other incisions to remove the gallbladder.
              After the surgery, the laparoscope and instruments are removed. Carbon dioxide
              gas is released through the incisions. Most of it will be reabsorbed by your body.<\/p>

              Completion of the procedure, both methods
              \uf0b7 The gallbladder is sent to a laboratory for testing
              \uf0b7 The incisions are closed with stitches or surgical staples
              \uf0b7 A sterile bandage or dressing or adhesive tape is used to cover the wounds<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              Colorectal Surgery
              Colorectal surgery is a branch of medicine and surgery that deals with conditions
              of the large intestine. Colorectal means that the large intestine and rectum are
              affected by the techniques of this surgical procedure. The colon is called the
              middle part of the intestine. The rectum is also considered the last part of the colon.
              The rectum is anatomically directed directly to the outside of the body.<\/p>

              What conditions does colorectal surgery treat?
              Common diseases of the digestive tract, as well as less common ones, can occur
              for a variety of reasons. These conditions also have their own characteristics and
              symptoms. Colorectal surgery is mainly used to treat benign digestive tract
              conditions such as diverticulosis, ischemic colitis, and long-term inflammatory
              bowel diseases such as Crohn&#39;s and ulcerative colitis.
              The second use and role of colorectal surgery is to treat malignant digestive tract
              conditions. Among the malignant diseases treated with this surgery is colorectal
              carcinoma. Although colon polyps are often benign growths that have grown out of
              the intestinal mucosa, it is possible that colon adenomas can sometimes be
              identified as precursors to colon cancer.
              Hereditary syndromes can also occur that are associated with colon polyps and an
              increased risk of cancer. Familial adenomatous polyposis is one of the hereditary
              conditions of the digestive tract. Another benefit of colorectal surgery is the
              treatment of abnormalities and injuries of the digestive tract. Colorectal surgery is
              also effective in treating anal canal conditions. Anal canal conditions are injuries
              that occur in the excretory tract of the digestive tract.<\/p>

              What treatment options are available to colon surgeons?
              When choosing a surgical method for treating a gastrointestinal condition in the
              colon and rectum, doctors consider whether the condition is malignant or just a
              benign condition. They also consider whether they can temporarily or permanently
              preserve and treat the bowel. Sometimes, the surgeon will prescribe an artificial
              bowel outlet for treatment or simply to treat and relieve the condition.<\/p>

              There are also less invasive, non-surgical treatment options, as well as endoscopic
              procedures that are performed only through the bowel. Sometimes, the surgeon
              will use laparoscopic techniques, open surgery, and other combined forms of
              treatment. The success of the treatment and recovery of the bowel after surgery
              also depends on the blood supply to the intestinal tract and the drainage of the
              lymph nodes. But more importantly, the treatment and its level of effectiveness
              depend mainly on the type of condition and its severity.
              What is the purpose of colorectal surgery?
              According to the primomedico website, as the name suggests, this invasive
              treatment method is used to remove the colon or parts of it. Colorectal surgery is
              also the best treatment and surgery for gastrointestinal disorders in the posterior
              and posterior parts.
              Colorectal surgery involves examination, diagnosis, and consideration of
              appropriate treatment options, such as non-surgical treatments instead of surgical
              treatment. Finally, this treatment method ends with post-operative care or, in other
              words, is completed.<\/p>

              Why should I have colorectal surgery?
              Many people with rectal, anal, and colon problems believe that they can overcome
              the disease without surgery, or that surgery cannot improve their condition. If the
              tumor is very large or if it is worse and has spread beyond the intestinal wall, the
              doctor will determine that surgery is the best way to deal with the disease and
              destroy it.
              Rest assured that today in the field of colorectal surgery, there are new and
              effective techniques that doctors can use to eliminate all symptoms of colorectal
              cancer and other conditions in this area of \u200b\u200bthe digestive tract. Also, with timely and
              proper treatment, the risk of recurrence and progression of the disease is
              minimized.<\/p>

              Types of Advanced Colorectal Surgery
              Laparoscopic Colon Resection<\/p>

              In this colorectal surgery method, doctors make a very small incision to remove the
              tumor. In this surgery, the surgeon may also remove lymph nodes at risk of being
              affected by the condition, depending on the diagnosis.
              Rectal Cancer Surgery
              When cancer is diagnosed in the last 20 centimeters of the colon, it is called rectal
              cancer. In rectal cancer surgery, the surgeon removes the fatty tissue around the
              tumor using advanced techniques. This method is more invasive and helps
              surgeons access all affected lymph nodes. This surgery greatly reduces the risk of
              cancer recurrence.
              Advanced Robotic Technology
              As the name suggests, this surgical procedure uses a robotic surgical system to
              treat the condition. The doctor treats the condition by guiding and controlling the
              robot during the surgery. This surgical procedure is usually very useful when the
              area affected by the condition is difficult to access. This invasive and advanced
              surgery can also have a significant impact on reducing the risk of recurrence and
              progression of the disease.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              What is cystoscopy?
              Cystoscopy is a combination of cysto and scopy. Scopy means to examine with a
              camera and cysto means bladder. So, the literal meaning of this procedure is to
              look into the bladder with a camera. Urologists use cystoscopy to diagnose
              problems in the urinary tract. A cystoscope is a thin tube with a camera and light at
              the end. During a cystoscopy, the doctor inserts the tube through the urethra into
              the bladder so that he can see the inside of your bladder. The magnified images
              from the camera are displayed on a screen for the doctor to see.<\/p>

              Who needs a cystoscopy?
              A urologist may recommend a cystoscopy if you experience the following:
              \uf0b7 Bladder control problems such as urinary retention (inability to completely
              empty your bladder) or incontinence (inability to control the flow of urine)
              \uf0b7 Pain during urination
              \uf0b7 Painful urination (dysuria)
              \uf0b7 Blood in the urine
              \uf0b7 Bladder stones
              \uf0b7 Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)
              \uf0b7 People with cancerous or noncancerous tumors<\/p>

              What conditions is a cystoscopy used to diagnose?
              Conditions diagnosed with cystoscopy include: Bladder stones and bladder
              inflammation Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) Bladder cancer or
              cancer of the urethra Bladder control problems Urethral strictures and urinary
              fistulas Diagnosis and sampling of small tumors Cystoscopy Uses of cystoscopy
              for treatment How cystoscopy is performed For this test, you will need to remove
              all or most of your clothing and wear a cloth covering. About half an hour before
              the test, you will be given a sedative to help you feel more comfortable during the
              test. An intravenous (IV) needle may also be placed in a vein in your arm so that
              medications and fluids can be given to you. You will lie on your back on a bed
              with your knees bent and your legs spread apart. Your legs or groin may be bound<\/p>

              with special stirrups. Your genital area will be cleaned with a disinfectant solution,
              and a sterile cloth will be wrapped around your navel and groin.<\/p>

              Postoperative care after cystoscopy
              \uf0b7 It is normal to experience burning sensation when urinating, blood in the
              urine, and mild pain after a cystoscopy and will subside with fluids. It is best
              to avoid foods that stimulate the bladder while the burning sensation
              persists.
              \uf0b7 Using a warm bath, placing a warm, damp towel on the urethra and external
              genitalia, and taking a warm shower can also help reduce pain and
              subsequent complications of cystoscopy.
              \uf0b7 Due to the manipulation of the urinary system and the relaxation of the
              muscles caused by the injection of anesthetics, a person may experience
              difficulty urinating or even urinary retention.
              \uf0b7 This procedure is usually performed without the need for general anesthesia
              and with local anesthesia. After the cystoscopy, the patient gets out of bed,
              puts on his normal clothes, and is discharged after 1-2 hours of observation.
              \uf0b7 It is recommended to have someone with you. Performing a normal
              cystoscopy usually does not have any special complications, and the person
              can continue his normal life (after the anesthetic drugs have taken effect and
              he has fully regained consciousness).
              \uf0b7 In rare cases, performing a cystoscopy can cause urinary tract infection or
              even testicular infection. In case of fever and chills, or if the above problems
              continue, or if bleeding and burning sensation in the bladder do not resolve,
              contact your doctor after 2 to 3 days.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              Arteriovenous fistula creation
              Arteriovenous fistula creation is a surgical procedure performed by a vascular
              surgeon to create a connection between an artery and a vein.
              The fistula is usually located on the forearm or upper arm. However, it may also be
              located on the leg. Creating an AV fistula increases the pressure and blood flow in
              the vein, causing the vein to become larger and stronger. The enlarged vein
              provides easy and reliable vascular access for hemodialysis treatments. Indications
              for Arteriovenous fistula creation: An arteriovenous fistula may be created for
              dialysis in kidney patients.<\/p>

              Preparing for an arteriovenous fistula creation
              In preparation for creating an arteriovenous fistula, a Doppler ultrasound is
              performed to map the blood vessels. The ultrasound shows the speed of blood flow
              through the various blood vessels in the area and enables your surgeon to select the
              most appropriate blood vessel for creating the fistula.
              You should tell your doctor about any allergies and medications you take regularly,
              as some medications, such as blood thinners, may need to be temporarily stopped a
              week before surgery. You may be asked to refrain from eating or drinking after
              midnight the day before surgery.<\/p>

              \u00a0<\/p>

              \"\"<\/p>

              \u00a0<\/p>

              Procedure for creating an arteriovenous fistula
              Creating an arteriovenous fistula involves the following steps: The skin over the
              AV fistula site is cleaned with an antiseptic solution, and a local anesthetic is
              applied to numb the area.
              In another procedure, general anesthesia may be used so that you are asleep during
              the procedure. With local anesthesia, you will remain awake and may feel pressure
              at the site, but you will not feel any pain.
              A small incision is made to access the blood vessels. The selected artery and vein
              are cut and surgically connected with stitches. The skin incision is then closed with
              stitches, and a bandage is placed over the incision.<\/p>

              Recovery and Postoperative Care for Arteriovenous Fistula Creation
              AV fistula creation can be done in an outpatient setting, and most patients can be
              discharged after a few hours of recovery.
              There may be mild discharge from the incision site for up to 24 hours and some
              pain for a few days after surgery. You will be given medication for any post-
              operative pain, and you will be advised to keep your arm elevated to reduce
              swelling.
              You will be given specific instructions on how to care for your AV fistula access
              site. It will take about 2 to 3 months for the fistula to grow and mature enough to
              be used for hemodialysis.<\/p>

              You should take the following precautions to protect your fistula site:
              \uf0b7 Wash the vascular access site every day and keep it clean and dry.
              \uf0b7 Make sure your doctor examines the fistula site before each dialysis session.
              \uf0b7 Use the fistula site only for dialysis. Be careful not to hit or damage the
              fistula site.
              \uf0b7 Check for a rhythmic vibration at the fistula site, which indicates that the
              AV fistula is healthy.
              \uf0b7 Avoid placing a blood pressure cuff, tight clothing, or jewelry over the
              fistula site.
              \uf0b7 Do not lift heavy objects with the arm that has the fistula.
              \uf0b7 Avoid sleeping on the arm that has the fistula.
              \uf0b7 Do not place your arm under your head or body.
              \uf0b7 Report any signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or pus discharge, to
              your doctor as soon as possible.<\/p>

              Risks and complications of AV fistula
              Creating an AV fistula is a safe procedure. However, as with any surgery, there are
              risks and complications that may include:
              \uf0b7 Excessive bleeding<\/p>

              \uf0b7 Infection
              \uf0b7 Swelling
              \uf0b7 Pain
              \uf0b7 Clot formation that may narrow or block the AV fistula<\/p>

              Benefits of an arteriovenous fistula
              Some of the benefits of an AV fistula (Arteriovenous fistula) in the treatment of
              end-stage renal failure include:
              \uf0b7 Can be used for a longer period of time compared to other types of vascular
              access
              \uf0b7 No need to place a foreign substance in the body
              \uf0b7 Optimizes blood flow for effective hemodialysis while minimizing treatment
              time
              \uf0b7 Reduces the risk of infection
              \uf0b7 Faster recovery and faster return to daily activities<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              Discectomy is a surgical option used in the case of a herniated disc. This approach
              involves removing more or less of the affected intervertebral disc. Discectomy is
              generally used when patients are resistant to conservative treatments (medications
              or physiotherapy) or when patients experience more severe symptoms (back pain,
              loss of sensation, difficulty walking, etc.). From a practical point of view, the
              surgeon, under general anesthesia, removes the herniated disc fragment using more
              or less invasive techniques to allow the patient to recover quickly. If it is necessary
              to remove a large portion of the nucleus pulposus, discectomy is accompanied by
              the placement of a prosthesis (or a spacer made of artificial or autologous bone)
              between the two affected vertebrae.<\/p>

              Discectomy
              What is a herniated disc?
              A herniated disc is a relatively common spinal condition that can also affect young
              people. The most affected age group is between 30 and 50 years. The nucleus
              pulposus is made of spongy tissue, located in the center of the intervertebral disc,
              and is held in place by a cartilaginous covering (annulus fibrosus). It also holds the
              intervertebral disc together with its two vertebrae.
              The annulus fibrosus can deform or rupture under the elastic pressure of the
              nucleus pulposus (herniated disc), causing the nucleus to escape (extruded disc)
              and invade an unrelated space in the vertebral canal (herniated disc migration). In
              these cases, the nucleus pulposus comes into contact with nerve roots, irritating
              them physically and chemically. These symptoms are commonly associated with a
              herniated disc.<\/p>

              What causes a herniated disc?
              A herniated disc is the result of certain stresses that wear down the annulus
              fibrosus that is placed to protect the nucleus pulposus. Sometimes, intervertebral
              discs can become overstretched due to strenuous work or severe trauma to the
              spine during sports, weightlifting, or habitually sitting in awkward positions. This
              disorder can also be a direct consequence of aging-related degenerative processes<\/p>

              in the bone structures of the spine. Herniated discs mainly affect the cervical,
              thoracic, and lumbosacral spine.<\/p>

              Signs and Symptoms of a Herniated Disc?
              A herniated disc can be very debilitating. The nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral
              disc that protrudes from the annulus fibrosus can compress the nerve roots exiting
              the spinal canal, causing severe pain that can also limit normal movement. These
              symptoms can affect the neck or back or can spread to the arms or legs. In the
              initial stage, which is characterized by symptoms of irritation of the nerve
              structures, there are sensory and motor deficits. Therefore, numbness or weakness,
              motor problems, loss of muscle strength, numbness and tingling in the limbs may
              occur.
              What is a discectomy?
              Discectomy is a surgical procedure used to remove the damaged part of the
              intervertebral disc affected by a herniated disc. Discectomy is used when there is a
              significant decrease in strength or the pain increases despite the use of medication
              and physiotherapy.<\/p>

              How is a discectomy performed?
              There are two common methods of intervention in the case of a herniated disc,
              traditional microdiscectomy and endoscopic microdiscectomy. Below I have
              reviewed the performance of their methods:
              Traditional microdiscectomy
              Microdiscectomy is a percutaneous technique that guarantees good results. In
              practice, it consists of removing the herniated material and the disc that protrudes
              from it. This technique is quite similar to discectomy.
              Endoscopic microdiscectomy
              This procedure uses an endoscope, an instrument consisting of a very small
              flexible tube, formed by a series of very thin optical fibers connected to a
              microcamera. After making an incision of a few millimeters, the endoscope is
              inserted into the area to be treated by penetrating the disc laterally. It is precisely<\/p>

              through these small instruments that the surgeon removes the herniation. Both of
              these procedures are performed under general or spinal anesthesia.<\/p>

              Laser discectomy
              This procedure uses a laser beam that is applied directly to the nucleus of the disc,
              which removes the herniation through special cannulas. This procedure can be
              performed under radiological control and through a percutaneous procedure. This
              procedure may make treatment of lumbosacral disc herniation more difficult.
              Disc Coblation
              This minimally invasive procedure involves inserting a needle into the disc space,
              under radiological control, to which an electrode is applied. Through the
              transmission of high-frequency energy (radiofrequency), it is able to destroy part
              of the nucleus pulposus. As a result, the shrunken disc no longer compresses the
              nerves, so the pain disappears and mobility improves. This type of treatment is
              indicated (priority) in the early stages of herniation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              Weight loss surgery is a series of surgical procedures aimed at weight loss. Like
              other weight loss surgeries, gastric sleeve surgery is suitable for those who, for
              whatever reason, diet and exercise have not been successful in losing weight. In
              gastric sleeve surgery, a gastroenterologist removes a large portion of the stomach
              and reshapes the stomach to resemble a small banana or sleeve. The removed parts
              of the stomach are the parts that produce the hunger hormone, ghrelin.
              This procedure is newer than gastric bypass surgery and is usually less expensive
              than bypass surgery. Various studies have shown that sleeve surgery is as effective
              as gastric bypass surgery. When you see a gastroenterologist, your doctor will
              review your conditions and wishes and, based on your physical condition and
              health, will recommend gastric sleeve surgery if appropriate.<\/p>

              What is a gastric sleeve or sleeve gastrectomy?
              What is a gastric sleeve? Gastric sleeve surgery is a type of weight loss surgery in
              which a large part of the stomach is removed. Gastric sleeve surgery is a restrictive
              surgery in which about 75% of the stomach volume is removed; as a result, the
              person feels full after eating a small amount of food. This surgical option does not
              change the intestinal tract.
              This surgery also makes the person feel less hungry because a smaller stomach
              secretes lower levels of the hormone ghrelin (which leads to hunger); as a result,
              the person will experience long-term appetite suppression.
              Although sleeve gastrectomy leads to significant weight loss, it is also associated
              with certain risks and side effects. Therefore, before deciding to undergo this
              procedure, consult a gastroenterologist and only undergo gastric sleeve surgery
              when the benefits of this procedure outweigh the risks.<\/p>

              What are the steps of gastric sleeve surgery?
              The gastric sleeve procedure involves a series of steps, which are outlined below:<\/p>

              \u2022 Laparoscopic gastric sleeve surgery (also known as closed surgery or LSG)
              requires general anesthesia in a hospital setting and is performed by a
              gastroenterologist through approximately five small incisions in the patient\u2019s
              abdomen.
              \u2022 The surgeon performs the procedure using a long, thin telescope with a small
              camera at the end. This instrument is used to remove about 80% of the stomach.
              \u2022 The abdomen is inflated by injecting carbon dioxide gas into the abdomen. A
              special instrument called a trocar is then used to enter the abdomen. First, a
              silicone tube is passed from the mouth to the outlet of the stomach to adjust the
              width of the remaining stomach and separate it from the fatty tissue surrounding
              the stomach, nearby vessels, and spleen. The excess stomach is then cut and
              removed with a special device called a stapler. After the gastrectomy, about 80 to
              150 mm of the stomach volume remains.
              \u2022 The removed part is removed from the abdomen and sent to the pathology
              department for examination. Then, the bleeding at the incision site and the stapled
              part is controlled. Additional metal clips or several stitches can be used.
              \u2022 Also, if necessary, some special medications are placed on the wound to stop the
              bleeding. Then, a silicone drain is placed in the surgical area to drain the
              accumulated fluids. Finally, the wound is closed and the surgery is completed.
              What is the aftercare after gastric sleeve surgery?
              If you have had gastric sleeve surgery, you should first start with liquid foods.
              After a few weeks, you can eat pureed foods and finally solid foods. During this
              time, you will notice that your meal consumption will be much less than before and
              you may have to avoid drinking liquids with meals due to the shrinking of the
              stomach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              The proper functioning of the hip joint depends on various factors, including:
              tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bones. If these organs are in harmony with each
              other, a person will have no problems when walking. There are many factors that
              can be the main causes of pain in the hip joint, which are:
              Among the most important causes of hip joint destruction and wear and tear is
              osteoarthritis. This disease is seen in the majority of people at any age and its
              likelihood of occurring increases with age. Femoral head necrosis or blackening of
              the bone head, which causes premature wear and tear. This condition is seen in
              young or middle-aged people. The occurrence of this disease is seen in people who
              use corticosteroids. Deformation of the acetabulum cavity, which is a type of
              acetabular dysplasia, this disease can cause joint destruction and wear and may
              occur between the ages of 30 and 50. Congenital dislocation of the hip joint is one
              of the factors that causes arthritis in a person. Early osteoarthritis causes include
              impingement of the femoral head and acetabulum socket. Due to the failure of the
              acetabulum fractures to heal properly, joint destruction and wear can be expected.
              If a person has one of the types of rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing
              spondylitis, they should have periodic checkups to prevent hip joint destruction.<\/p>

              How to perform hip joint surgery
              The anatomy of the hip joint consists of two bones next to each other. Thus, in the
              upper part of the hip joint structure, the acetabulum socket, which is in the shape of
              a hemisphere, is located and this socket is part of the pelvis. In the upper part of the
              hip joint, the femoral head is located, which is spherically located inside the
              acetabulum socket.
              When an orthopedic surgeon performs surgery, he uses a special planer to scrape
              the inside of the acetabulum cavity to remove the remaining cartilage and excess
              bone that has been worn away from the head of the bone and shape it into a perfect
              hemisphere. In the femoral head area, the orthopedic surgeon completely removes
              the head of the bone from the patient&#39;s body.
              Next, the surgeon cuts the femoral neck, which is located between the femoral
              head and the femoral shaft, using special orthopedic saws. After this cut is made,
              the femoral head is completely removed.<\/p>

              In the next step, the orthopedic surgeon places a metal or plastic cup in the
              acetabulum cavity and places a metal head in the femoral neck area. Finally, after
              preparing both parts, they are placed inside each other. After placement, the joint
              movement is checked to ensure that the artificial hip joint is properly in place.<\/p>

              Who is suitable for hip replacement?
              Surgery can be helpful for people who have pain and limited mobility in the hip
              area, and some people also have short legs, in which case hip replacement surgery
              can be effective to some extent.
              Hip replacement or hip arthroplasty is one of the methods that has been helpful in
              recent years for people who need hip replacement due to joint damage caused by
              diseases such as arthritis or various injuries that may occur in daily life, and it
              increases the recovery process of people.
              Hip replacement surgery is one of the best treatment methods for long-term
              improvement of the hip for people who have not received results from other
              treatment methods. By performing this surgery, pain in the hip joint can be
              completely eliminated and a pain-free life can be experienced.<\/p>

              Post-surgery care for hip replacement
              \uf0b7 After surgery, the patient usually complains of pain, which will be relieved
              by painkillers.
              \uf0b7 The patient may have shortness of breath at first, which could be due to the
              anesthesia and the medications injected.
              \uf0b7 But what is important is that the patient should cough and take deep breaths
              to clear the lungs.
              \uf0b7 It is recommended to avoid taking blood thinners to prevent blood clots.<\/p>

              The day after hip replacement
              Now it is time for the patient to walk with the new joint. Physiotherapy exercises
              help strengthen muscle strength and improve range of motion. The patient is asked
              to get up, hold the sides of the bed, and slowly start walking.<\/p>

              One to two days after hip replacement surgery
              At this stage, the patient is able to do more physical exercises and can walk with
              the help of a cane or walker. The diet can also continue as before. Note that it is
              recommended that the patient have a liquid diet on the first day.
              Two to three days after hip replacement surgery
              If there are no special problems and the patient is able to walk, he will be
              discharged, but note that driving will be prohibited for three to six weeks.
              The fourth day after hip replacement surgery
              The stitches should be taken care of, the stitches should not be wet under any
              circumstances or creams and ointments should be applied to them.
              To relieve pain, an ice compress can be used for ten to fifteen minutes, several
              times a day.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              What is knee replacement surgery?
              Knee replacement surgery, or arthroplasty, is performed to relieve pain and
              improve the function of the knee joint. In this surgery, the damaged joints,
              including the thigh bone, kneecap, and shin bone, are removed and replaced with
              artificial joints (prostheses). Prostheses can be made of metal, ceramic, or heavy
              plastic. Arthroplasty can be performed on many joints in the body, including the
              shoulder, elbow, and ankle. However, it is most commonly performed to replace
              the knee and hip joints. A doctor may recommend this surgery when other
              treatments have not worked and a person may have lost the ability to move their
              joints.<\/p>

              How to perform knee replacement surgery
              This surgery is very sensitive and must be performed in a hospital. For knee
              replacement surgery, the person must be anesthetized. Sometimes the surgeon may
              use spinal anesthesia. During this surgery, the following steps are taken.
              \u2022 You will need to change into an operating room gown.
              \u2022 A vein in your arm will need to be prepared for the injections during the surgery.
              \u2022 Sometimes a urinary catheter will be placed for the patient.
              \u2022 If there is excess hair at the surgical site, it will be shaved before the procedure
              begins.
              \u2022 The skin at the surgical site will be cleaned with antiseptic.
              \u2022 An incision will be made in the joint area.
              \u2022 The damaged parts of the joint will be corrected as much as possible and removed
              if necessary.
              \u2022 Prostheses will be placed in the place of the previous joints.
              \u2022 The incisions will be sutured.
              \u2022 A sterile bandage or dressing will be placed over the sutures.
              \u2022 In knee replacement surgery, an incision will be made in the knee and a
              prosthesis will be inserted to replace the damaged joint.<\/p>

              \u2022 In knee replacement surgery, an incision is made on the knee and a prosthesis is
              inserted to replace the damaged joint.<\/p>

              Postoperative care for knee replacement
              \u2022 You will stay in the recovery room for 2 hours after your arthroplasty surgery.
              Some people are discharged the same day, while others will need to stay in the
              hospital. After the surgery, you should gradually try to move your foot and ankle.
              This will help increase blood flow to the leg muscles.
              \u2022 Your doctor may prescribe blood thinners to reduce the risk of blood clots
              forming at the surgical site. Painkillers may also be prescribed to reduce pain.
              \u2022 Your physical therapist will teach you exercises to do after the surgery. Do the
              exercises regularly and follow a healthy diet.
              \u2022 The surgical area should be kept clean and dry. Your doctor will give you
              specific instructions for bathing. The stitches will be removed a few weeks after
              the surgery.
              \u2022 You will not be able to do your usual activities for a few weeks. For this reason,
              you should check the following at home and purchase the necessary equipment.
              \u2022 Proper railings on stairs
              \u2022 Bathroom safety
              \u2022 Toilet
              \u2022 Bath seat and shower hose
              \u2022 Firm cushion when sitting<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              Laminectomy Surgery
              Back or neck pain that interferes with normal daily activities may require surgery
              to treat. A laminectomy is a type of surgery in which a surgeon removes part or all
              of the lamina of a vertebra in the spine. This helps relieve pressure on the spinal
              cord or nerve roots that may be caused by injury, a herniated disc, a narrowing of
              the spinal canal (spinal stenosis), or a tumor. A laminectomy is only considered if
              other medical treatments have not worked.
              Back or neck pain can range from mild, dull, and annoying to constant, severe, and
              debilitating. Pain in the spine can limit a person\u2019s ability to move and function. A
              laminectomy may be done to relieve pressure on the spinal nerves, treat a disc
              problem, or remove a tumor from the spine.
              One of the most common reasons for a laminectomy is a herniated disc in the
              spine.<\/p>

              \u00a0<\/p>

              \"\"<\/p>


              A disc can become displaced or damaged due to injury or a ruptured disc. When
              the disc presses on the spinal nerves, it causes pain, and sometimes numbness or
              weakness. The numbness or weakness is felt in the part of the body where the
              nerve is involved, often the arms or legs. The most common symptom of a
              herniated disc is sciatica. This is a sharp, shooting pain along the sciatic nerve that
              spreads from the buttock to the thigh and down the leg.
              If other medical treatments are not effective, surgery may be an option. Some
              medical treatments for pain may include:
              \uf0b7 Changes in activity
              \uf0b7 Medications such as muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatory drugs, and
              painkillers
              \uf0b7 Spinal injections
              \uf0b7 Physical rehabilitation, physical therapy, or both
              \uf0b7 Occupational therapy
              \uf0b7 Weight loss (if overweight)
              \uf0b7 Quitting smoking<\/p>

              \uf0b7 Assistive devices, such as a back brace<\/p>

              Laminectomy is usually done for back pain or neck pain that persists after medical
              treatment. Or it is done when the pain is accompanied by symptoms of nerve
              damage, such as numbness or weakness in the arms or legs. Loss of bowel or
              bladder control due to pressure in the neck or lower spine also usually requires
              surgery.<\/p>

              What happens during a laminectomy?
              A laminectomy usually requires a hospital stay. The procedures may vary
              depending on your condition and the doctor&#39;s procedures.
              A laminectomy may be performed while you are asleep under general anesthesia.
              Or it may be done while you are awake under spinal anesthesia. If spinal anesthesia
              is used, you will have no sensation from your lower back down. Newer techniques
              are being developed that may allow laminectomy to be performed under local
              anesthesia on an outpatient basis. Your doctor will discuss this with you.
              In general, a laminectomy procedure follows this procedure:
              \uf0b7 You will be asked to wear a gown.
              \uf0b7 An IV (intravenous) line may be placed in your arm or hand.
              \uf0b7 Once you are under anesthesia, a urinary drainage catheter may be placed.
              \uf0b7 If the surgical site is covered with excess hair, the hair may be removed.
              \uf0b7 You will lie on your side or stomach on the operating table.
              \uf0b7 The anesthesiologist will continuously monitor your heart rate, blood
              pressure, breathing, and blood oxygen levels during surgery.
              \uf0b7 Healthcare workers will clean the surgical site with a skin antiseptic
              solution.
              \uf0b7 The surgeon will make an incision over the selected vertebra.
              \uf0b7 The surgeon will separate the muscles.
              \uf0b7 The surgeon will remove the bony arch at the back of the vertebra (the
              lamina) to relieve pressure on the nerves in the area. This may include
              removing a bone spur or tumor, or removing all or part of a disc.<\/p>

              \uf0b7 In some cases, spinal fusion may be done at the same time. During spinal
              fusion, the surgeon joins 2 or more bones in your spine.
              \uf0b7 The incision will be closed with stitches or surgical staples.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              What is PCNL?
              This procedure is usually performed under general anesthesia. During the
              procedure, a thin tube (catheter) is inserted into the bladder. This catheter is held in
              place with a balloon and drains urine from the bladder.
              After the catheter is placed in the bladder, another catheter may be inserted into the
              ureter (ureter). To better see the exact location of the stone, a contrast agent (dye)
              is injected through this catheter. This dye helps us to image the urinary system
              better during the procedure using radiology or ultrasound and to have easier access
              to the kidney to remove the stone.
              PCNL Procedure
              Once the exact location of the stone is determined, we use a very fine needle to
              access the urine collecting system in the kidney and then insert a guidewire to
              create a safe path for the nephroscope to enter. A nephroscope is a tube-shaped
              instrument used to look directly into the kidney.
              The access path is carefully opened to allow the nephroscope to be inserted.
              Some stones can be removed directly using a grasping instrument. This procedure
              is called a nephrolithotomy. Larger stones may also need to be broken up with a
              device such as a laser, also called a nephrolithotripsy.
              After all the stones are removed, the surgeon uses a contrast agent to make sure
              that no stones or fragments of them remain in the kidney. Easy movement of the
              contrast agent from the bladder shows that there are no stones in the ureter.
              In some patients, a small temporary tube called a Double-J may be placed to make
              sure that swelling does not block the flow of urine. This catheter remains in place
              in both the kidney and bladder due to its J-shaped bend. At the end of the
              procedure, a urinary catheter may also be attached.
              Preparations for PCNL
              To best prepare for PCNL, consider the following points and remember that your
              doctor&#39;s instructions take priority. Some important points that your doctor may
              mention include:
              \uf0b7 When to stop taking certain medications, such as blood thinners<\/p>

              \uf0b7 A specific time to empty your bladder before surgery
              \uf0b7 Planning for pain medication after surgery
              \uf0b7 Coordinating with a companion to return home after surgery
              \uf0b7 Abstaining from eating, drinking, or smoking for about 6 to 8 hours before
              surgery (to prepare for anesthesia)
              \uf0b7 The anesthesiologist will select the appropriate anesthesia method.
              Preparations for PCNL
              Having your companions (partner, relatives, or friends) read information about
              PCNL can help you feel more relaxed and prepared. Write down your questions so
              you don\u2019t forget important points when you meet with your doctor or nurse. Have a
              loved one accompany you during your visit to help remind you of any questions
              you missed.
              What to expect after PCNL surgery?
              After surgery, you will be taken to the recovery room or your room, depending on
              your hospital. Nurses will regularly check your blood pressure, heart rate, and pain
              level. Also, be sure to ask your nurse about your hospital visit times.
              \uf0b7 JJ stent:
              In some cases, a small temporary tube called a double-J stent may be placed in the
              ureter to help urine flow to the bladder. This is done when the ureter is expected to
              swell slightly after surgery. The JJ stent can be removed before you leave the
              hospital or shortly thereafter, in a separate appointment with your doctor.
              \uf0b7 Urinary catheter:
              You may also have a urinary catheter inserted after surgery. This tube is inserted
              through your urethra into your bladder and helps urine flow more easily. You will
              also be given fluids to help you stay hydrated. The urinary catheter is usually
              removed shortly after surgery (within a few days).
              \uf0b7 Nephrostomy tube:
              In some cases, a tube called a nephrostomy tube may be placed in your kidney
              during surgery. If needed, this tube will remain in place for a short time (possibly
              after you leave the hospital). The nephrostomy tube comes out of the incision in
              your skin and directs blood and urine from the surgery directly from your kidney
              into a special drainage bag. This tube is usually removed a few days after surgery.<\/p>

              After PCNL
              You will be discharged within a few days of your surgery if you are able to empty
              your bladder well and do not have a fever or severe pain. You may also experience
              mild to moderate pain in your lower abdomen and a constant need to urinate. These
              symptoms are usually due to the presence of a JJ catheter or stent and are not a
              cause for concern. Your doctor will prescribe medication to control this pain, so be
              sure to talk to your nurse or doctor if you experience any pain.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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              What causes urinary tract stones?
              Urinary tract stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form inside the
              kidneys of an affected person. Several factors contribute to the formation of these
              types of stones, including poor diet, being overweight, inactivity, certain medical
              conditions, and taking certain supplements and medications.
              Kidney, ureter, and bladder stones can affect any part of your urinary tract, from
              the kidneys to the bladder. Stones form when urine becomes concentrated,
              allowing the minerals to crystallize and stick together, forming kidney, ureter, or
              bladder stones.<\/p>

              Risk factors for developing urinary tract stones
              Factors that increase your risk of developing urinary tract stones include the
              following:
              \uf0b7 Family or personal history: If someone in your family has had urinary tract
              stones, you are more likely to develop urinary tract stones than other people.
              If you have had one or more cases of urinary tract stones in the past, you are
              at risk for developing urinary tract stones.
              Risk factors for developing urinary tract stones
              \uf0b7 Dehydration: Not drinking enough water during the day can increase your
              risk of developing urinary tract stones. People who live in hot, dry climates
              and those who sweat a lot may be at a higher risk of developing urinary tract
              stones than others.
              \uf0b7 Special diets: A diet high in protein, sodium (salt), and sugar may increase
              your risk of developing some types of urinary tract stones. This is especially
              true for a high-sodium diet. Too much salt in the diet increases the amount
              of calcium that the kidneys have to filter, significantly increasing the risk of
              developing urinary tract stones.
              Dietary risk factors for urinary tract stones
              \uf0b7 Obesity: A high body mass index (BMI), large waist size, and weight gain
              are associated with an increased risk of developing urinary tract stones.<\/p>

              \uf0b7 Dietary diseases and surgery: Gastric bypass surgery, inflammatory bowel
              disease, or chronic diarrhea can cause changes in the anatomy and processes
              of the digestive tract that affect calcium and water absorption, increasing the
              amount of stone-forming materials in the urine and increasing the likelihood
              of developing urinary tract stones.
              Other diseases, such as renal tubular acidosis, cystinuria, hyperparathyroidism, and
              recurrent urinary tract infections, can also increase the risk of developing urinary
              tract stones.
              Some supplements and medications, such as vitamin C, dietary supplements,
              laxatives (if taken in excess), calcium-based antacids, and certain medications used
              to treat migraines or depression, can increase your risk of developing urinary tract
              stones.<\/p>

              \"\"<\/p>


              What is TUL?
              A TUL is a common procedure for treating the worst types of kidney, ureter, and
              bladder stones, in which the stone can be removed through a special telescope, or
              in special cases, a laser can be used to break the stone into very small pieces.<\/p>

              What is TUL?
              A TUL is performed under general anesthesia or in an operating room under
              general anesthesia. Depending on the stone and your anatomy, a TUL can take
              anywhere from 30 minutes to 2 hours and can be very simple or quite complex.
              In a TUL, your doctor will first look inside your bladder and insert a special
              guidewire into your ureter. X-rays may be done before the actual procedure to
              locate the stone, and this is done with the help of real-time X-rays (called
              fluoroscopy).
              Depending on the location of the stone, a shorter, semi-rigid scope or a longer,
              flexible ureteroscope is inserted into the ureter until the stone is found. Sometimes
              during a TUL procedure, the ureter must be dilated with a special balloon so that
              the scope can be inserted.
              A ureteroscope is a special, very thin instrument used to directly view and
              visualize the inside of the ureter. Some ureteroscopes are like a very long, flexible<\/p>

              straw. Other types of ureteroscopes are more rigid and sturdy. Overall, a large
              number of procedures are performed each year using a ureteroscope.<\/p>

              What is TUL aftercare?
              After the TUL procedure, to achieve the best results, some care is needed, which
              we will introduce and review in detail below:
              \uf0b7 After the TUL procedure, ask someone to drive you home from the hospital.
              Once you get home, you will need to rest.
              \uf0b7 Most people can return to their normal daily activities after the TUL
              procedure after 1 or 2 days of recovery and the necessary aftercare after the
              TUL procedure.
              \uf0b7 In the weeks following the TUL procedure, drink plenty of water. This will
              help pass any remaining stone fragments. In this case, your doctor or
              surgeon may give you a medication called an alpha blocker to make it easier
              for stone fragments to pass through your urinary tract.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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              list of surgeries: Angiography Angioplasty Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Abdominal aortic aneurysm Abdominoplasty Cholecystectomy colorectal surgery Cystoscopy dialysis fistula Discectomy Gastric Sleeve Surgery Hip replacement Knee replacement surgery Laminectomy PCNL TUL Angiography An angiography is a diagnostic procedure that uses X-ray images to look forblockages or narrow spots in your blood vessels (arteries or veins). […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8341","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mohebmehr.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8341","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mohebmehr.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mohebmehr.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mohebmehr.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mohebmehr.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8341"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/mohebmehr.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8341\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8503,"href":"https:\/\/mohebmehr.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8341\/revisions\/8503"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mohebmehr.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8341"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}